Using Group Concept Mapping, a mix-method approach, in twins who did not participant in VTSABD, we translated qualitative experiences regarding reasons for not using substances into quantitative measures of potential resistance factors. Measures of potential resistance factors and SU were incorporated into a newly validated survey for Wave 7 data collection in VTSABD participants in early middle adulthood to assess how these factors relate to recent societal changes in resistance trajectories and SU.
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